Understanding HPV: Risks, testing, and prevention
Última actualización 9/21/2026
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus, but vaccination and regular screening can greatly reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers.
There are over 100 types of HPV, and around 30 of them can infect the genitals, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis and scrotum.
Some types of HPV can cause cancer, including cervical cancer and cancer of the back of the throat (called oropharyngeal cancer). In the United States, HPV is linked to about 50,000 cancer cases each year in both men and women.
HPV is also the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States with approximately 13 million new infections occurring every year.
Key facts about HPV
- HPV is a widespread virus and the most common STI in the United States.
- HPV is closely linked to cervical cancer.
- HPV can be diagnosed through HPV testing, either by a healthcare provider during an exam or through approved self-collection methods.
- Prevention includes the HPV vaccination, routine screenings, and reducing exposure risks.
How is HPV related to cervical cancer?
Certain types of HPV can cause changes in the cells of the cervix. These abnormal cell changes are called cervical dysplasia. If left untreated, cervical dysplasia can develop into cervical cancer over time.
Most HPV infections in people under age 30 go away on their own. By age 30, it is important to get regular pap smears to screen to detect abnormal cells. Cervical screenings should begin at age 21.
Your healthcare provider can recommend how often you should be screened based on your test results. Having HPV or cervical dysplasia does not mean you will develop cervical cancer, but regular screening helps identify any changes early.
How is HPV diagnosed?
HPV can be detected through an HPV test. This test checks for high-risk types of HPV that can lead to precancer and cervical cancer.
HPV testing can be performed by a healthcare provider or through a self-collection option.
The preferred method involves a healthcare provider collecting a sample from the cervix during a pelvic exam. In some cases, individuals may be able to collect their own vaginal sample using a self-collection kit.
How can HPV be prevented?
Getting the HPV vaccine is one of the most effective ways to prevent HPV-related cancers and other health problems related to the virus. The vaccine is recommended for children, young adults, and some adults who did not receive the vaccine when they were younger.
Children should receive two doses of the HPV vaccine, typically at ages 11 and 12, with the does given at least six months apart. Completing the vaccine series before age 13 provides stronger protection against HPV infection.
Teens and young adults who begin the vaccine series at age 15 or older should receive three doses within six months for best protection.
Adults ages 27 to 45 should talk with their healthcare provider about whether the HPV vaccine is right for them.
In addition to vaccination, regular screenings can help detect HPV-related changes early. Limiting your number of sexual partners can also help reduce your risk of HPV exposure.
To learn more about HPV and cervical cancer, visit HPV and cervical cancer.
Preguntas frecuentes
How is HPV spread?
HPV is spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact. A person can have HPV without any signs or symptoms and still pass the virus to their partner.
Is there a treatment for HPV?
There is no treatment for HPV itself, but healthcare providers can treat health problems caused by HPV, such as genital warts and abnormal cervical cells.
If I received the HPV vaccine, do I still need cervical cancer screening?
It is recommended to receive regular screenings even if you have received the HPV vaccine. The vaccine protects against many high-risk HPV types, but regular screening is still important to detect abnormal cell changes that may lead to cancer.
Can you get HPV more than once?
Most HPV infections clear within two years on their own. Different types of HPV can bring different risks, such as precancerous cells and cancer.
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